CavyMom. I am very interested in the litter your friend had. I study coat color genetics as a hobby.
In Cavaliers we breed for two of the three most recessive colors in dogs. In order of dominance, at the bottom of the heap are black & tan, recessive black, and ruby. (These are the base colors of the dog - white spotting is considered separately).
There has yet to be proof of recessive black (carried on the Agouti locus which is also where black & tan is) in the Cavalier breed. If indeed there is evidense in Cavaliers I do know that Sheila Schmutz would be very, very interested. Her email is at the very bottom of this page. Photos of the litter and parents would be important.
http://homepage.usask.ca/~schmutz/dogcolors.html
It is important to note that a ruby dog can be carrying on its "switched off" loci alleles that would allow both black and tan, recessive black, and dominant black along with all the other colors - brindle and sables included, without any breeder knowing so. These could hide for generations if lines are kept ruby/blenheim only, for as long as a dog is given two recessive "e" alleles on the extension series, the other series are effectively "switched off" and cannot be seen.
Ruby/blenheim only lines assure that a dog has only this recessive pairing on the extension series.
As soon as a black & tan/tri is bred in, though, a pup needs only one "E" allele from that parent dog to allow those previously hiding colors on the Agouti locus (or K locus) of the ruby/blenheim parent to show.
I have heard of evidense of recessive black in Cavaliers, and have seen black & tans with very, very dark tan pips which makes me suspicious that we have recessive black, but in every litter I've investigated with a black pup, you can follow a trail not far back through ruby only lines on at least one side to a point of unknown parentage - ie probably an outcross. Of course breeders breeding only red lines would be unsuspicious of the outcross as long as they stuck only to ruby/blenheim breedings.
I understand we had blacks registered in our breed until the 50s. It is possible, but highly unlikely, for dominant black to still be lurking in some of our ruby/blenheim lines. It is also possible for us to have recessive black. I'd love to know which these pups are.
Arlene and her three.